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Nominal to Numerical
(RapidMiner Studio Core)
Synopsis
This operator changes the type of selected non-numeric attributes to a numeric type. It also maps all values of these attributes to numeric values.Description
The Nominal to Numerical operator is used for changing the type of non-numeric attributes to a numeric type. This operator not only changes the type of selected attributes but it also maps all values of these attributes to numeric values. Binary attribute values are mapped to 0 and 1. Numeric attributes of input the ExampleSet remain unchanged. This operator provides three modes for conversion from nominal to numeric. This mode is selected by the coding type parameter. Explanation of these coding types is given in the parameters and they are also explained in the example process.
Input
example set (Data Table)
This input port expects an ExampleSet. It is the output of the Retrieve operator in the attached Example Process. The output of other operators can also be used as input. It is essential that meta data should be attached with data for input because attributes are specified in its meta data. The Retrieve operator provides meta data along-with data. The ExampleSet should have at least one non-numeric attribute because if there is no such attribute, the use of this operator does not make sense.
Output
example set (Data Table)
The ExampleSet with selected non-numeric attributes converted to numeric types is output of this port.
original (Data Table)
The ExampleSet that was given as input is passed without changing to the output through this port. This is usually used to reuse the same ExampleSet in further operators or to view the ExampleSet in the Results Workspace.
preprocessing model (Preprocessing Model)
This port delivers the preprocessing model, which has information regarding the parameters of this operator in the current process.
Parameters
- create_view It is possible to create a View instead of changing the underlying data. Simply select this parameter to enable this option. The transformation that would be normally performed directly on the data will then be computed every time a value is requested and the result is returned without changing the data. Range: boolean
- attribute_filter_typeThis parameter allows you to select the attribute selection filter; the method you want to use for selecting attributes on which you want to apply nominal to numeric conversion. It has the following options:
- all: This option simply selects all the attributes of the ExampleSet. This is the default option.
- single: This option allows selection of a single attribute. When this option is selected another parameter (attribute) becomes visible in the Parameters panel.
- subset: This option allows selection of multiple attributes through a list. All attributes of the ExampleSet are present in the list; required attributes can be easily selected. This option will not work if meta data is not known. When this option is selected another parameter becomes visible in the Parameters panel.
- regular_expression: This option allows you to specify a regular expression for attribute selection. When this option is selected some other parameters (regular expression, use except expression) become visible in the Parameters panel.
- value_type: This option allows selection of all the attributes of a particular type. It should be noted that types are hierarchical. For example real and integer types both belong to numeric type. Users should have basic understanding of type hierarchy when selecting attributes through this option. When this option is selected some other parameters (value type, use value type exception) become visible in the Parameters panel.
- block_type: This option is similar in working to the value type option. This option allows selection of all the attributes of a particular block type. When this option is selected some other parameters (block type, use block type exception) become visible in the Parameters panel.
- no_missing_values: This option simply selects all the attributes of the ExampleSet which don't contain a missing value in any example. Attributes that have even a single missing value are removed.
- numeric value filter: When this option is selected another parameter (numeric condition) becomes visible in the Parameters panel. All numeric attributes whose all examples satisfy the mentioned numeric condition are selected. Please note that all nominal attributes are also selected irrespective of the given numerical condition.
- attributeThe desired attribute can be selected from this option. The attribute name can be selected from the drop down box of attribute parameter if the meta data is known. Range: string
- attributesThe required attributes can be selected from this option. This opens a new window with two lists. All attributes are present in the left list and can be shifted to the right list which is the list of selected attributes on which the conversion from nominal to numeric will take place; all other attributes will remain unchanged. Range: string
- regular_expressionThe attributes whose name matches this expression will be selected. Regular expression is a very powerful tool but needs a detailed explanation to beginners. It is always good to specify the regular expression through the edit and preview regular expression menu. This menu gives a good idea of regular expressions. This menu also allows you to try different expressions and preview the results simultaneously. This will enhance your concept of regular expressions. Range: string
- use_except_expressionIf enabled, an exception to the selected type can be specified. When this option is selected another parameter (except value type) becomes visible in the Parameters panel. Range: boolean
- except_regular_expressionThis option allows you to specify a regular expression. Attributes matching this expression will be filtered out even if they match the first expression (expression that was specified in the regular expression parameter). Range: string
- value_typeThe type of attributes to be selected can be chosen from a drop down list. One of the following types can be chosen: nominal, text, binominal, polynominal, file_path. Range: selection
- use_value_type_exception If enabled, an exception to the selected type can be specified. When this option is selected another parameter (except value type) becomes visible in the Parameters panel. Range: boolean
- except_value_typeThe attributes matching this type will be removed from the final output even if they matched the previously mentioned type i.e. value type parameter's value. One of the following types can be selected here: nominal, text, binominal, polynominal, file_path. Range: selection
- block_typeThe block type of attributes to be selected can be chosen from a drop down list. The only possible value here is 'single_value' Range: selection
- use_block_type_exception If enabled, an exception to the selected block type can be specified. When this option is selected another parameter (except block type) becomes visible in the Parameters panel. Range: boolean
- except_block_typeThe attributes matching this block type will be removed from the final output even if they matched the previously mentioned block type. Range: selection
- numeric_conditionThe numeric condition for testing examples of numeric attributes is specified here. For example the numeric condition '> 6' will keep all nominal attributes and all numeric attributes having a value of greater than 6 in every example. A combination of conditions is possible: '> 6 && < 11' or '<= 5 || < 0'. But && and || cannot be used together in one numeric condition. Conditions like '(> 0 && < 2) || (>10 && < 12)' are not allowed because they use both && and ||. Use a blank space after '>', '=' and '<' e.g. '<5' will not work, so use '< 5' instead. Range: string
- include_special_attributesThe special attributes are attributes with special roles. The special attributes are those attributes which identify the examples. In contrast regular attributes simply describe the examples. Special attributes are: id, label, prediction, cluster, weight and batch. Range: boolean
- invert_selectionIf this parameter is set to true, it acts as a NOT gate, it reverses the selection. In that case all the selected attributes are unselected and previously unselected attributes are selected. For example if attribute 'att1' is selected and attribute 'att2' is unselected prior to checking of this parameter. After checking of this parameter 'att1' will be unselected and 'att2' will be selected. Range: boolean
- coding_typeThis parameter indicates the coding which will be used for transforming nominal attributes to numerical attributes. There are three available options i.e. unique integers, dummy coding, effect coding. You can easily understand these options by studying the attached Example Process.
- unique_integers: If this option is selected, the values of nominal attributes can be seen as equally ranked, therefore the nominal attribute will simply be turned into a real valued attribute, the old values result in equidistant real values.
- dummy_coding: If this option is selected, for all values of the nominal attribute, excluding the comparison group, a new attribute is created. The comparison group can be defined using the comparison groups parameter. In every example, the new attribute which corresponds to the actual nominal value of that example gets value 1 and all other new attributes get value 0. If the value of the nominal attribute of this example corresponds to the comparison group, all new attributes are set to 0. Note that the comparison group is an optional parameter with 'dummy coding'. If no comparison group is defined, in every example the new attribute which corresponds to the actual nominal value of that example gets value 1 and all other new attributes get value 0. In this case, there will be no example where all new attributes get value 0.This can be easily understood by studying the attached example process.
- effect_coding: If this option is selected; for all values of the nominal attribute, excluding the comparison group, a new attribute is created. The comparison group can be defined using the comparison groups parameter. In every example, the new attribute which corresponds to the actual nominal value of that example gets value 1 and all other new attributes get value 0. If the value of the nominal attribute of this example corresponds to the comparison group, all new attributes are set to -1. Note that the comparison group is a mandatory parameter with 'effect coding'. This can be easily understood by studying the attached example process.
- use_comparison_groupsThis parameter is available only when the coding type parameter is set to dummy coding. If checked, for each selected attribute in the ExampleSet a value has to be specified in the comparison group parameter. A separate new column for this value will not appear in the final result set. If not checked, all values of the selected attributes will result in an indicator attribute in the resultant ExampleSet. Range: boolean
- comparison_groupsThis parameter defines the comparison group for each selected non-numeric attribute. Only one comparison group can be specified for one attribute. When the coding type parameter is set to 'effect coding', it is compulsory to define a comparison group for all selected attributes. Range:
- use_underscore_in_nameThis parameter indicates if underscores should be used in the names of new attributes instead of empty spaces and '='. Although the resulting names are harder to read for humans but it might be more appropriate to use these if the data is to be written into a database system. Range: boolean
Tutorial Processes
Nominal to Numeric conversion through different coding types
This Example Process mostly focuses on the coding type and comparison groups parameters. All remaining parameters are mostly for selecting the attributes. The Select Attributes operator also has many similar parameters for the selection of attributes. You can study its Example Process if you want an understanding of these parameters.
The Retrieve operator is used to load the 'Golf 'data set. The Nominal to Numerical operator is applied on it. The 'Outlook' and 'Wind' attributes are selected for this operator for changing them to numeric attributes. Initially, the coding type parameter is set to 'unique integers'. Thus, the nominal attributes will simply be turned into real valued attributes; the old values will result in equidistant real values. As you can see in the Results Workspace, all occurrences of value 'sunny' for the 'Outlook' attribute are replaced by 2. Similarly, 'overcast' and 'rain' are replaced by 1 and 0 respectively. In the same way, all occurrences of 'false' value in the 'Wind' attribute are replaced by 1 and occurrences of 'true' are replaced by 0.
Now, change the coding type parameter to 'dummy coding' and run the process again. As dummy coding is selected, for all values of the nominal attribute a new attribute is created. In every example, the new attribute which corresponds to the actual nominal value of that example gets value 1 and all other new attributes get value 0. As you can see in the Results Workspace, 'Wind=true' and 'Wind=false' attributes are created in place of the 'Wind' attribute. In all examples where the 'Wind' attribute had value 'true', the 'Wind=true' attributes gets 1 and 'Wind=false' attribute gets 0. Similarly, all examples where the 'Wind' attribute had value 'false', the 'Wind=true' attribute gets value 0 and 'Wind= false' attribute gets value 1. The same principle applies to the 'Outlook' attribute.
Now, keep the coding type parameter as 'dummy coding' and also set the use comparison groups parameter to true. Run the process again. You can see in the comparison groups parameter that 'sunny' and 'true' are defined as comparison groups for the 'Outlook' and 'Wind' attributes respectively. As dummy coding is used and the comparison groups are also used thus for all values of the nominal attribute, excluding the comparison group, a new attribute is created. In every example, the new attribute which corresponds to the actual nominal value of that example gets value 1 and all other new attributes get value 0. If the value of the nominal attribute of this example corresponds to the comparison group, all new attributes are set to 0. This is why 'Outlook=rain' and 'Outlook=overcast' attributes are created but 'Outlook=sunny' attribute is not created this time. In examples where the 'Outlook' attribute had value 'sunny', all new Outlook attributes get value 0. You can see this in the Results Workspace. The same rule is applied on the 'Wind' attribute.
Now, change the coding type parameter to 'effect coding' and run the process again. You can see in the comparison groups parameter that 'sunny' and 'true' are defined as comparison groups for the 'Outlook' and 'Wind' attributes respectively. As effect coding is selected thus for all values of the nominal attribute, excluding the comparison group, a new attribute is created. In every example, the new attribute which corresponds to the actual nominal value of that example gets value 1 and all other new attributes get value 0. If the value of the nominal attribute of this example corresponds to the comparison group, all new attributes are set to -1. This is why 'Outlook=rain' and 'Outlook = overcast' attributes are created but an 'Outlook=sunny' attribute is not created this time. In examples where the 'Outlook' attribute had value 'sunny', all new Outlook attributes get value -1. You can see this in the Results Workspace. The same rule is applied on the 'Wind' attribute.